When was the montane cordillera formed

T he square kilometres of the Montane Cordillera Ecozone stretch from north-central British Columbia southeast to the southwestern corner of Alberta. The ecosystems range from alpine tundra and dense conifer forests to dry sagebrush and grasslands.

Wetlands and small lakes dot the landscape, but there are also large, deep lakes and major river systems, including the Fraser and the Columbia River headwaters. Much of this ecozone is rugged and mountainous. The major plains are more extensive in the north and extend out as intermontane valleys towards the southern half of the ecozone. Most of these plains and valleys are covered by glacial moraine and to some degree ancient riverbed and lakebed deposits, whereas the mountains consist largely of fallen rock debris and rocky outcrops.

The Columbia and Rocky mountains within this ecozone have a complex geology consisting largely of folded and faulted sedimentary bedrock. The western side of the Coast Mountains receives to mm of precipitation in this way, while the eastern side receives only mm in the south and to mm in the north and interior due to the dry air that makes it over the mountains.

The Rocky Mountains at the eastern edge of the ecozone again catch precipitation, bringing mm of precipitation annually to the western side of the mountains.

Geology and Geography The mountains that make up much of the ecozone are formed of faulted sedimentary rock. The plains and valleys here often consist of glacial moraine or deposits from ancient lakes. Flora and Fauna Plants Plants in the ecozone are as varied as the landforms they grow on. Vegetation that may be common in one area are often completely absent from another. Trees in the area include Engelmann spruce , alpine fir , interior Douglas fir , lodgepole pine , western white pine , Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine , trembling aspen , western hemlock , Rocky Mountain red cedar , balsam poplar , paper birch , black spruce , white spruce , and western larch.

Some of the other species found here are sagebrush, rabbitbrush, antelope-bush, mountain avens , bunchgrass, pine grass, and bluebunch wheat grass. Animals Mammals The large herbivores include caribou , mule deer , white-tailed deer , moose , mountain goat , California bighorn sheep , and American elk. The large carnivores are the black bear , grizzly bear , wolf , lynx , bobcat , and cougar. Some of the small herbivores here are hoary marmot , yellowbelly marmot , Columbian ground squirrel , beaver , golden-mantled squirrel , yellow pine chipmunk , redtail chipmunk , beaver , northern bog lemming , and pika.

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