Shanghai, China - 16,, Million city and Megacity locations Causes of Urbanisation. Urbanisation occurs because people move from rural areas countryside to urban areas towns and cities. This usually occurs when a country is still developing. Prior to the majority of urbanisation occurred in MEDCs.
Rapid urbanisation took place during the period of industrialisation that took place in Europe and North America in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Many people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs in the rapidly expanding industries such as factories in many large towns and cities. Since urbanisation has slowed in most MEDCs, and now some of the biggest cities in Europe and North America are losing population as people move away from the city to rural environments to have a quieter life but also because of the improvements in transport routes and systems that are now available compared to years ago.
This process is known as counter-urbanisation. Between and the urban population living in most LEDCs has doubled. In developed countries this increase was less than half of what was previously occuring. The three main causes of urbanisation in LEDCs since are:. Rural to urban migration is happening on a massive scale due to population pressure and lack of resources in rural areas.
These are known as 'push' factors. People living in rural areas are 'pulled' to the city. Often they believe that the standard of living in urban areas will be much better than in rural areas. They are usually wrong and end up living an almost similar if not worse life to what they had in rural areas but now on the outskirts of cities in what is known as 'shanty towns'. There are also other reasons such as hoping for well paid jobs, greater opportunities to find casual work, better health care and education availability.
Natural increase caused by a decrease in death rates due to improved health awareness and people living longer and birth rates remaining at a high level. There is also the simple reason that there is now more people on the earth thus leading to more people having children. It is currently estimated that there are now over seven billion people living on the earth compared with just two and a half billion in Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people out of cities, to the surrounding areas.
Since this process has been occurring more frequently ad in increasing numbers in MEDCs. There are four main reasons for counter-urbanisation:. The increase in car ownership over the last 40 years means people are more mobile. This has led to an increase in commuting. Also, the growth in information technology E-mail, faxes and video conferencing means more people can work from home. Urban areas are becoming increasing unpleasant place to live. This is the result of pollution, crime and traffic congestion.
New business parks on the edge of cities on Greenfield sites mean people no longer have to travel to the city centre. People now prefer to live on the outskirts of the city to be near where they work. Reasons for counter-urbanisation in MEDC cities.
Urban areas in MEDCs have experienced a range of problems in recent years. These are:. Traffic problems: Increased car ownership and increased commuting means an increase in congestion and pollution.
Decline in industry: As older manufacturing industries closed they left empty, derelict buildings towards the centre of the city. Modern industries needed more space so located to the edge of the city. High unemployment in inner city areas where old industries were once located and are now subsequently closed or have moved on to other areas lead to social problems. Changes in shopping: City centre locations are no longer favoured due to high rental prices for large stores.
There has been a recent growth in out of town shopping centres, which has led to the decline of many CBDs central business districts in terms of retail. Also a movement to more online shopping by consumers. Attempts to increase urbanisation in an MEDC city. Case Study - Inner city redevelopment and rebranding London's Docklands.
If you've found the resources on this site useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated. There are four main reasons for counter-urbanisation : 1. More people tend to move when they retire. Related Topics Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics. Previous Topic Page.
Topic Home. Next Topic Page. Please Support Internet Geography If you've found the resources on this site useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. Milton Keynes is a good example next to London, whilst Cramlington and Washington act as new towns for Newcastle upon Tyne.
There are 21 New Towns in England, established by statute and designated between and Cramlington is just 8 miles north of Newcastle but is outside of its greenbelt. It was originally a coal mining pit village, but followed the New Town model in the s and 70s.
It was massively expanded around its old core, and can be viewed as square in structure in between major transport links the A19 to the South and the A to the East with a railway link running through it.
The square structure was divided into 4 quarters, with an industrial sector in the North West away from the residential areas in the East and a commercial area in between. Many of the classic new town features can also be observed, including cycle and walk ways, leisure facilities, good schools, road access and great transport links.
Indeed, according to parliament. It gave the government power to designate areas of land for new town development. Stevenage, in Hertfordshire, was the first new town created under the Act, with ten others following by Most were intended to accommodate the overspill of population from London.
You can see a public information film great archive footage! In addition to these reasons, t he growing popularity of the 'out-of-town' industrial and business parks as industry also became unsatisfied with inner city areas has promoted the growth of counterurbanisation. Around Newcastle there are several good examples of this. Recently, improvements in rural transport infrastructures and increased car ownership have allowed a greater freedom of choice when people choose where to live.
In addition, the growth in Information Communication Technology E-mail, Fax, Video-conferencing has allowed further freedom as people can home work. The effects. Cities can shrink in size, and the demographic and economic of their areas can undergo significant change. Country villages are becoming increasingly suburbanised, they can therefore grow quickly and lose their original character and charm.
0コメント